![]() They argue that social sciences could provide important new directions to simulation models of emergency evacuations. Also, authors have identified social sciences approaches that could improve contemporary simulation models. offer a critical review of selected simulation models of evacuation. ![]() Computer models for emergency and evacuation situations have been developed and much research on panics has been of empirical nature and carried out by researchers from the social sciences. R ELATED W ORKS There are three main reasons for developing computer simulations for crowd behaviours: firstly, to test scientific theories and hypotheses secondly, to test design strategies and finally, to recreate the phenomena about which to theorize. Finally in section 6 we give space to some final remarks and future works. In the section 3 we present the model implementation, in section 4 and 5 the model validation and the experimental result discussion are shown respectively. The rest of the paper is organized as it follows: in the section two some crowd and evacuation simulation related works are presented. For this work we used the NetLogo agent-based modelling and simulation platform to rapidly prototype simple, yet realistic, “what - if” evacuation scenarios. Thus are not taken into consideration typical behavioral theories we find in crowd simulations. In this paper we focus our attention on the evaluation of to the architectural layout of a closed public space as it can be a museum, cinema, discotheque or concert hall. It is observable, for example, that if people have to leave a building in an emergency situation and they don't know the structure of the building well enough, they would run for the exit they used as an entrance, even if other exits might be easier to reach or even safer. As nervousness increases there is less concern about comfort zone and finding the most convenient and shortest way. As people try to leave the building as fast as possible, the desired velocity increases which leads to some characteristic formations. Observations made for crowds in emergency situations feature typically the same patterns. The basic principle is the "least effort principle", which means everyone tries to reach their goal as fast as possible spending the least amount of energy and time. If possible they avoid detours, even if the shortest way is crowded. For example people always try to find the shortest and easiest way to reach their destination. In their common environment pedestrians tend to show some basic attributes. Apart from behavioural investigations, the main goal of these studies was to develop computer animated realistic applications, for the game industry, design elements of pedestrian facilities, or planning guidelines for architectural building and urban design. The evaluation methods applied were based on direct observation, photographs, and time- lapse films. Crowds and pedestrians have been empirically studied for the past decades. A simulation tool could serve as a viable alternative. However, as they hardly recreate the truly panic conditions, people tend not to take it seriously. Fire drills ( figure 1) are possible approaches to study this phenomenon. Studying crowd behaviour in emergency situations is difficult since it often requires exposing real people to the actual, possibly dangerous, environment. ![]() The evacuation from large facilities during an emergency or disaster is a much more complex task because chaos and panic add to highly density populations even more uncertainty and stress. I NTRODUCTION Evacuating large crowds is a challenge under any circumstances.
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